The end of a paragraph that will be formatted before it is displayed on the screen.
. . .Identifies text that has already been formatted (preformatted) by some other system and must be displayed as is. Preformatted text may include embedded tags, but not all tag types are permitted. The
tag can be used to include tables in
documents.
. . .
Example computer listing; embedded tags will be ignored, but
embedded tabs will work. This is an archaic tag.
. . .
Similar to except no embedded tags will be recognized.
Similar to <pre> except no embedded tags will be recognized,
and since there is no end tag, the remainder of the document
will be rendered as plain text. This is an archaic tag. Note
that some browsers actually recognize a </plaintext> tag, even
though it is not defined by the standard.
<blockquote> . . . </blockquote>
Include a section of text quoted from some other source.
Hyperlinks or Anchors
<a name="anchor_name"> . . . </a>
Define a target location in a document
<a href="#anchor_name"> . . . </a>
Link to a location in the same document
<a href="URL"> . . . </a>
Link to another file or resource
<a href="URL#anchor_name"> . . . </a>
Link to a target location in another document
<a href="URL?search_word+search_word"> . . . </a>
Send a search string to a server. Different servers may
interpret the search string differently. In the case of
word-oriented search engines, multiple search words might be
specified by separating individual words with a plus sign (+).
An anchor must include a name or href attribute, and may include both.
There are several optional attributes, but they are rarely
encountered.
The structure of a Uniform Resource Locator (URL) may be expressed as:
resource_type://host.domain:port/pathname
where the possible resource types include: file, http, news, gopher,
telnet, ftp, and wais, among others, and each resource type interprets
the pathname in its own way. (Strictly speaking, the anchor_name and
search_word information included in the name and href attributes in
the examples above are part of the URL. They are presented as separate
entities for simplicity.) Note that each resource type relates to a
specific server type. The colon followed by an integer TCP port number
is optional, and is used when a server is listening on a non-standard
port.
A more complete description of URLs is presented in
http://www.w3.org/hypertext/WWW/Addressing/Addressing.html
Headers
<h1> . . . </h1> Most prominent header
<h2> . . . </h2>
<h3> . . . </h3>
<h4> . . . </h4>
<h5> . . . </h5>
<h6> . . . </h6> Least prominent header
Logical Styles
<em> . . . </em>
Emphasis
<strong> . . . </strong>
Stronger emphasis
<code> . . . </code>
Display an HTML directive
<samp> . . . </samp>
Include sample output
<kbd> . . . </kbd>
Display a keyboard key
<var> . . . </var>
Define a variable
<dfn> . . . </dfn>
Display a definition (not widely supported)
<cite> . . . </cite>
Display a citation
Physical Styles
<b> . . . </b>
Boldface
<i> . . . </i>
Italics
<u> . . . </u>
Underline
<tt> . . . </tt>
Typewriter font
Definition list/glossary: <dl>
<dl>
<dt> First term to be defined
<dd> Definition of first term
<dt> Next term to be defined
<dd> Next definition
</dl>
The <dl> attribute compact can be used to generate a definition list
requiring less space.
Present an unordered list: <ul>
<ul>
<li> First item in the list
<li> Next item in the list
</ul>
Present an ordered list: <ol>
<ol>
<li> First item in the list
<li> Next item in the list
</ol>
Present an interactive menu: <menu>
<menu>
<li> First item in the menu
<li> Next item
</menu>
Present a directory list of items: <dir>
<dir>
<li> First item in the list
<li> Second item in the list
<li> Next item in the list
</dir>
Items should be less than 20 characters long.
Entities
&keyword;
Display a particular character identified by a special keyword.
For example the entity & specifies the ampersand ( & ), and
the entity < specifies the less than ( < ) character. Note
that the semicolon following the keyword is required, and the
keyword must be one from the list presented in:
http://www.w3.org/hypertext/WWW/MarkUp/Entities.html
-or-
The ISO LATIN I character set
&#ascii_equivalent;
Use a character literally. Again note that the semicolon
following the ASCII numeric value is required.
HTML Forms Interface
The HTML forms interface allows document creators to define HTML
documents containing forms to be filled out by users. When a user
fills out the form and presses a button indicating the form should be
"submitted," the information on the form is sent to a server for
processing. The server will usually prepare an HTML document using the
information supplied by the user and return it to the client for
display.
The following tags implement the forms interface:
* <form> . . . </form>
* <input>
* <select> . . . </select>
* <option>
* <textarea> . . . </textarea>
The last four tags can only be used within a <form> . . . </form>
element.
Define a form
<form> . . . </form>
Define a form within an HTML document. A document may contain multiple
<form> elements, but <form> elements may not be nested. Note that
non-form tags can be used within a <form> element. Attributes and
their arguments:
action GŻ GŻ, GŻ8
form.
method: One of get or post
The method chosen to exchange data between the client and the
program started to process the form. post is preferred for
most applications.
Example:
<form action="http://kuhttp.cc.ukans.edu/cgi-bin/register"
method=post> . . . </form>
Define an input field
<input> (there is no ending tag)
Defines an input field where the user may enter information on the
form. Each input field assigns a value to a variable which has a
specified name and a specified data type. Attributes and their
arguments:
type
Specifies the data type for the variable.
+ type="text" and type="password" accept character data
+ type="checkbox" is either selected or not
+ type="radio" allows selection of only one of several radio
fields, if they all have the same variable name
+ type="submit" is an action button that sends the completed
form to the query server
+ type="reset" is a button that resets the form variables to
their default values
name
"textstring" where textstring is a symbolic name (not
displayed) identifying the input variable as in:
<input type="checkbox" name="box1">
value
"textstring" where the function of textstring depends on the
argument for type.
+ For type="text" or type="password", textstring is the
default value for the input variable.
+ If type="checkbox" or type="radio", textstring is the value
of the input variable when it is "checked".
+ For type="reset" or type="submit", textstring is a label
that will appear on the submit or reset button in place of
the words "submit" and "reset".
checked
No arguments. For type="checkbox" or type="radio", if checked
is present the input field is "checked" by default.
size
width where width is an integer value representing the number
of characters allowed for the type="text" or type="password"
input fields.
maxlength
length where length is the number of characters accepted for
type="text" or type="password". This attribute is only valid
for single line "text" or "password" fields.
Define a select field
<select> . . . </select>
defines and displays a set of optional list items from which the user
can select one or more items. This element requires an <option>
element for each item in the list. Attributes and their arguments:
name
"textstring" where textstring is the symbolic identifier for
the select field variable.
size
The argument for size is an integer value representing the
number of <option> items that will be displayed at one time.
multiple
No arguments. If present, the multiple attribute allows
selection of more than one <option> value.
Define a select field option
<option>
Within the <select> element the <option> tags are used to define the
possible values for the select field. If the attribute selected is
present then the option value is selected by default. In the
following example all three options may be chosen but bananas are
selected by default.
<select multiple>
<option>Apples
<option selected>Bananas
<option>Cherries
</select>
Define a text area
<textarea> . . . default text . . . </textarea>
Defines a rectangular field where the user may enter text data. If
"default text" is present it will be displayed when the field
appears. Otherwise the field will be blank. Attributes and their
values:
name
"textstring" where textstring is a symbolic name that
identifies the <textarea> variable.
rows and cols
Both attributes take an integer value which represents the
lines and number of characters per line in the <textarea> to
be displayed.
Miscellaneous
<!-- text -->
Place a comment in the HTML source
<address> . . . </address>
Present address information
<img src="URL" alt="Alternate Text">
Embed a graphic image in the document. Attributes:
src
Specifies the location of the image.
alt
Allows a text string to be put in place of the image in
clients that cannot display images.
align
Specify a relationship to surrounding text. The argument
for align can be one of top, middle, or bottom.
ismap
If ismap is present and the image tag is within an
anchor, the image will become a "clickable image". The
pixel coordinates of the cursor will be appended to the
URL specified in the anchor if the user clicks within
the ismap image. The resulting URL will take the form
"URL?m,n" where m and n are integer coordinates.
<br>
Forces a line break immediately and retains the same style.
<hr>
Places a horizontal rule or separator between sections of
text.
Additional Information
For a tutorial introduction to HTML see:
http://www.ncsa.uiuc.edu/demoweb/html-primer.html.
For an introduction to forms within HTML see: An Instantaneous
Introduction to HTML Forms.
For general information about HTML, see
http://www.w3.org/hypertext/WWW/MarkUp/MarkUp.html
Michael Grobe
Academic Computing Services
The University of Kansas
grobe@kuhub.cc.ukans.edu
February 14, 1995
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